Notice that the then screw you removed goes all the way through the advancer into the camshaft.
Next, note that the advancer cam has a set of much thicker threads in it's end. Find a bolt that will screw into these threads, and screw it in at least 1/4".
Now, tap firmly on the screw from all four sides with the handle of a heavy screwdriver; that should pop it free. If not, tap with a small hammer or 2x4, NOT SO HARD as to damage the threads or bend the bolt.